>### The post is actually [migrated](https://law.stackexchange.com/q/16115/10311).

I have been looking that many books published with copyright notice like:

> Copyright © by [abc] publication.<br> All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Now I want to know:

- How long this copyright last or sustain?
- How do I check if copyright is expired or not?
- Can books used as in public domain after expiration of copyright?

If a book doesn't have any copyright notice, then **can** it be used as if it were in the public domain?

Note: my concern is for scanned versions of books.