Certainly, creating any replication of a copyrighted design in any medium is either a verbatim reproduction or a derivative work, and requires permission from the copyright holder(s) to do legally. Sculpture and architecture are two kinds of statutorily recognized-recognized kinds of copyrightable work, and creating either kind from a copyrighted expression in written or drawn form requires copyright permission.
If the GPL is the only license you've afforded to reproduce your copyrighted design, then those who distribute reproductions of it must abide by those terms. This means that any time someone transfers ownership of a copy of it (in any form, whether digital, pictorial, or sculptural), that distributor has an obligation to also give the recipient the GPL text, plus a copy of the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it (with your copyright notices intact). If they fail to offer this to recipients, they commit copyright infringement for unauthorized reproduction of your work. Note that this requirement does not apply to mere public display of a copy of the work, since the GPL's copyleft requirements only come into effect upon transfer of a copy.
Very importantly, note that copyright is limited to creative artistic expression and does not extend to mechanisms with practical use. U.S. law calls these designs and devices "useful articles" and explicitly denies the application of copyright to the useful aspects of physical devices. This means that your design, insofar as it contains artistic expression, is reproducible only under the terms of the GPL, but anyone may create and reproduce their own version of the practically useful aspects of your design without relying on your copyright license: you do not have a monopoly on those aspects under copyright. You could possibly protectmonopolize useful aspects under a patent, which is difficult and expensive to obtain, and only possible if your mechanism is a sufficiently novel invention.